垃圾焚燒發(fā)電與垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）的對(duì)比
Comparison between Garbage Incineration Power Generation and Landfill Gas Power Generation (Biogas Power Generation)
一、兩種發(fā)電方式對(duì)環(huán)境的影響
1、 The impact of two power generation methods on the environment
1.垃圾焚燒發(fā)電是指使用特殊的垃圾焚燒設(shè)備,以城市工業(yè)和生活垃圾為燃燒介質(zhì),在對(duì)垃圾進(jìn)行焚燒處理的同時(shí),利用其產(chǎn)生的能量發(fā)電的一種新型發(fā)電方式.它會(huì)造成第二次污染.
1. Garbage incineration power generation refers to a new type of power generation method that uses special garbage incineration equipment to burn urban industrial and household waste as the combustion medium, and uses the energy generated during the incineration process to generate electricity It will cause a second pollution
垃圾焚燒發(fā)電在燃燒過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)副產(chǎn)品----二惡英,它被世界衛(wèi)生組織稱做“最毒的致癌物質(zhì)”,隨煙氣排放到大氣中,給空氣造成嚴(yán)重的第二次污染.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家城市生活垃圾焚燒爐燃燒過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的二惡英占已知二惡英各生成源生成量的95%.目前國(guó)外一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)垃圾焚燒項(xiàng)目有一定限制,日本等國(guó)甚至立法關(guān)閉或禁建垃圾焚燒設(shè)施.同時(shí),焚燒中產(chǎn)生的灰渣和飛灰重金屬含量很高.其處理也是難題.有的地方實(shí)行二次填埋,又留下二次污染土地的隱患.雖然技術(shù)上可以提高焚燒爐爐溫分解二惡英(保持爐溫在850度停留2秒以上),再用活性炭吸附;灰塵可以通過(guò)布袋除塵解決,但這些環(huán)保設(shè)施投資巨大,目前國(guó)內(nèi)大量通過(guò)技術(shù)改造等方式上馬的垃圾焚燒電廠根本無(wú)力處理,環(huán)保部門的軟硬件條件也不夠,監(jiān)測(cè)無(wú)法到位.目前全國(guó)僅有北京、杭州等少數(shù)幾個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)可以測(cè)試二惡英,且費(fèi)用極其昂貴,一些項(xiàng)目以此為由一再推遲甚至干脆不檢測(cè).
During the combustion process of garbage incineration power generation, a byproduct called dioxin is produced, which is referred to as the "most toxic carcinogen" by the World Health Organization. It is emitted into the atmosphere along with the flue gas, causing serious secondary pollution to the air The dioxins produced during the combustion process of municipal solid waste incinerators in developed countries account for 95% of the known dioxin generation from various sources At present, some developed countries abroad have certain restrictions on waste incineration projects, and countries such as Japan have even legislated to close or ban the construction of waste incineration facilities Meanwhile, the ash and fly ash generated during incineration have a high content of heavy metals Its handling is also a difficult problem Some places implement secondary landfilling, which poses a hidden danger of secondary land pollution Although it is technically possible to increase the temperature of the incinerator to decompose dioxins (maintaining the furnace temperature at 850 degrees Celsius for more than 2 seconds), and then use activated carbon for adsorption; Dust can be removed through bag filters, but these environmental protection facilities require huge investment. Currently, a large number of waste incineration power plants in China that have been retrofitted through technological means are unable to handle them. The software and hardware conditions of environmental protection departments are also insufficient, and monitoring cannot be in place At present, only a few institutions such as Beijing and Hangzhou in China are able to test dioxins, and the cost is extremely expensive. Some projects have repeatedly postponed or even stopped testing under this pretext
2.垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）是將填埋的生活垃圾中因?yàn)樽匀话l(fā)酵降解而釋放出的氣體收集起來(lái),用來(lái)發(fā)電.一個(gè)垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）廠由填埋垃圾氣體收集系統(tǒng)、氣體處理系統(tǒng)和氣體發(fā)電系統(tǒng)幾個(gè)部分組成.通過(guò)對(duì)垃圾填埋場(chǎng)的綜合治理對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦慕】狄约吧顮顩r有積極的效應(yīng).當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境衛(wèi)生水平將得到顯著提高,發(fā)生沼氣爆炸事故的可能性大大降低,填埋場(chǎng)的惡臭將會(huì)消失,有害動(dòng)植物以及寄生蟲等危害將徹底消失,它不僅不會(huì)對(duì)空氣造成第二次污染,反而會(huì)凈化惡臭的空氣,使空氣回復(fù)清新,而且因?yàn)樘盥駡?chǎng)沼氣發(fā)電依靠空氣來(lái)冷卻機(jī)組,對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐暮春拖鞯奈廴鞠喈?dāng)小.它是決不會(huì)造成第二次污染的.綜上所述垃圾焚燒發(fā)電對(duì)環(huán)境會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的二次污染而垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）只會(huì)改善環(huán)境對(duì)環(huán)境的二次污染接近為零。
2. Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) is the process of collecting the gas released from natural fermentation and degradation of buried household waste to generate electricity A landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) plant consists of several parts: landfill gas collection system, gas treatment system, and gas power generation system The comprehensive management of landfills has a positive effect on the health and living conditions of local residents The local environmental sanitation level will be significantly improved, the possibility of biogas explosion accidents will be greatly reduced, the odor of landfills will disappear, and harmful animals, plants, parasites and other hazards will be completely eliminated. It will not cause secondary pollution to the air, but will purify the foul smelling air and restore freshness. Moreover, because landfill biogas power generation relies on air to cool the units, the pollution to local lakes and streams is relatively small It will never cause a second pollution In summary, incineration of waste for power generation will cause serious secondary pollution to the environment, while landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) will only improve the environment. The secondary pollution to the environment is close to zero.
二、投資、發(fā)電成本及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
2、 Investment, power generation costs, and economic benefits
1.垃圾焚燒發(fā)電:
1. Garbage incineration power generation:
垃圾焚燒發(fā)電能很好的實(shí)現(xiàn)垃圾減量化,減少土地的占有,但它要求垃圾處理量達(dá)到一定規(guī)模,而且投資額較大(一個(gè)場(chǎng)的投資在2億元以上),在省會(huì)城市可行,在中小城市則不易推廣.
Garbage incineration power generation can effectively achieve waste reduction and reduce land occupation, but it requires a certain scale of waste treatment and a large investment amount (with an investment of over 200 million yuan per site). It is feasible in provincial capital cities but difficult to promote in small and medium-sized cities
國(guó)外目前通過(guò)改進(jìn)焚燒系統(tǒng)工藝及強(qiáng)化尾氣處理等手段已經(jīng)較好的解決了尾氣污染的問(wèn)題,但投資也相應(yīng)的增加.如果引進(jìn)國(guó)外技術(shù)進(jìn)行垃圾焚燒發(fā)電,每處理100噸/日垃圾的建成成本通常在4千萬(wàn)以上,這是投資者所難以接受的.
At present, foreign countries have effectively solved the problem of exhaust pollution by improving incineration system technology and strengthening exhaust gas treatment, but investment has also increased accordingly If foreign technology is introduced for waste incineration power generation, the construction cost for processing 100 tons/day of waste is usually over 40 million yuan, which is difficult for investors to accept
另一方面,垃圾焚燒發(fā)電的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益也值得進(jìn)一步探討.同常規(guī)燃燒發(fā)電相比,垃圾焚燒電廠的發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量都很小,而且由于腐蝕問(wèn)題,目前垃圾焚燒發(fā)電的效率一般不超過(guò)15%,遠(yuǎn)低于燃燒發(fā)電的水平.如果垃圾發(fā)電以15%的發(fā)電效率計(jì)算,每100噸/日垃圾處理量配套的裝機(jī)容量不超過(guò)1000KW.每1000噸/日處理量的垃圾廠實(shí)際發(fā)電不超過(guò)9000KW,與燃燒發(fā)電比這個(gè)規(guī)模實(shí)在是太小了,勢(shì)必會(huì)導(dǎo)致運(yùn)行成本的大幅度提高,電價(jià)無(wú)法同火電競(jìng)爭(zhēng).如果不依靠政府的財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼,垃圾電廠將不能維持運(yùn)行,當(dāng)然更談不上產(chǎn)生多少的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益了.采用垃圾焚燒發(fā)電處理垃圾氣成本在30元/噸以上.地方政府很難接受.
On the other hand, the economic benefits of waste incineration power generation also deserve further exploration Compared with conventional combustion power generation, the installed capacity of waste incineration power plants is very small, and due to corrosion issues, the efficiency of waste incineration power generation generally does not exceed 15%, far below the level of combustion power generation If the garbage power generation is calculated with a power generation efficiency of 15%, the installed capacity for every 100 tons/day of garbage processing does not exceed 1000KW. The actual power generation of a garbage plant with a processing capacity of 1000 tons/day does not exceed 9000KW. Compared with combustion power generation, this scale is too small and will inevitably lead to a significant increase in operating costs, and electricity prices cannot compete with thermal power If it does not rely on government financial subsidies, the garbage power plant will not be able to maintain operation, let alone generate much economic benefit The cost of using garbage incineration power generation to treat garbage gas is over 30 yuan/ton Local governments find it difficult to accept
垃圾焚燒電廠效益主要來(lái)自垃圾處理費(fèi)和發(fā)電效益,但許多城市居民的垃圾處理費(fèi)收不上來(lái),除非政府財(cái)政貼錢,否則電廠必然虧本.山東荷澤錦江電廠和濟(jì)南瀚洋垃圾發(fā)電公司的負(fù)責(zé)人也印證了這一點(diǎn),由于政府承諾的補(bǔ)償不能實(shí)現(xiàn),電廠難以為繼.山東荷澤垃圾發(fā)電項(xiàng)目是中國(guó)第一個(gè)全部利用國(guó)產(chǎn)技術(shù)和國(guó)產(chǎn)設(shè)備的垃圾發(fā)電企業(yè),總投資1.6個(gè)億,這也是山東目前唯一在運(yùn)行的垃圾焚燒電廠,但累計(jì)虧損額已達(dá)1248.6萬(wàn)元,僅2005年上半年就虧損316萬(wàn)元.
The benefits of garbage incineration power plants mainly come from garbage disposal fees and power generation benefits, but many urban residents cannot collect their garbage disposal fees. Unless the government finances the project, the power plants will inevitably lose money The leaders of Shandong Heze Jinjiang Power Plant and Jinan Hanyang Waste to Energy Company also confirmed this point, as the compensation promised by the government cannot be realized, making it difficult for the power plants to continue The Heze Waste to Energy Project in Shandong is the first waste to energy enterprise in China to fully utilize domestic technology and equipment, with a total investment of 160 million yuan. It is currently the only operating waste to energy plant in Shandong, but the cumulative loss has reached 12.486 million yuan, with a loss of 3.16 million yuan in the first half of 2005 alone
2.垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）
2. Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation)
垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）投資小(為焚燒設(shè)備的1/10),據(jù)介紹,光大環(huán)保工程有限公司在江蘇省蘇州和宜興分別投資的兩個(gè)垃圾焚燒發(fā)電廠和一個(gè)垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）廠,兩個(gè)垃圾焚燒發(fā)電項(xiàng)目的投資分別為5億和2.38億元,而填埋氣體發(fā)電項(xiàng)目的投資則為2500萬(wàn)元.垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）的運(yùn)行費(fèi)用低(僅為焚燒費(fèi)用的1/4),在我國(guó)鼓勵(lì)清潔生產(chǎn),發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的大背景下,環(huán)保專家認(rèn)為,垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）將成為新興產(chǎn)業(yè),發(fā)展前景廣闊,商機(jī)無(wú)限.一些能源專家認(rèn)為,一座城市的垃圾就象一座低品位的“露天礦山”,可以進(jìn)行無(wú)限期的開發(fā),而最經(jīng)濟(jì)的辦法就是垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）.如今,美、日、法、英、德、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都將垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）列入政府議事日程,投入大量資金,運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代化高科技手段,大規(guī)模開發(fā)城市垃圾發(fā)電新技術(shù),并使其趨于商業(yè)化.
Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) has a small investment (1/10 of incineration equipment). It is reported that Everbright Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd. has invested in two garbage incineration power plants and one landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) plant in Suzhou and Yixing, Jiangsu Province, respectively. The investment in the two garbage incineration power generation projects is 500 million and 238 million yuan, respectively, while the investment in the landfill gas power generation project is 25 million yuan The operating cost of landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) is low (only 1/4 of the incineration cost). In the context of promoting clean production and developing circular economy in China, environmental experts believe that landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) will become an emerging industry with broad development prospects and unlimited business opportunities Some energy experts believe that a city's waste is like a low-grade "open-pit mine" that can be developed indefinitely, and the most economical way is to generate electricity from landfill gas (biogas) Nowadays, industrialized countries such as the United States, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy have included landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) in their government agendas, invested a large amount of funds, and used modern high-tech means to develop new technologies for urban garbage power generation on a large scale, making it more commercialized
沼氣發(fā)電的電價(jià)已在享受國(guó)家優(yōu)惠政策比當(dāng)?shù)厝济弘妰r(jià)高0.25元/kwh約0.64元/kWh。不計(jì)燃料費(fèi)用沼氣發(fā)電運(yùn)行成本約0.10元/kWh以2000千瓦沼氣發(fā)電站為例機(jī)組年運(yùn)行成本約160萬(wàn)元年收入可達(dá)864萬(wàn)元。項(xiàng)目總體投資約4000萬(wàn)四年多就可收回投資。另外沼氣發(fā)電可以申請(qǐng)CDM項(xiàng)目得到可觀的減排費(fèi)。具有非常良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
The electricity price for biogas power generation is already enjoying national preferential policies, which is about 0.64 yuan/kWh higher than the local coal-fired electricity price by 0.25 yuan/kWh. Excluding fuel costs, the operating cost of biogas power generation is about 0.10 yuan/kWh. Taking a 2000 kW biogas power station as an example, the annual operating cost of the unit is about 1.6 million yuan, and the annual income can reach 8.64 million yuan. The total investment of the project is about 40 million yuan, which can be recovered in just over four years. In addition, biogas power generation can receive considerable emission reduction fees by applying for CDM projects. Has very good economic benefits.
以南京水閣垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）廠(中國(guó)第一間垃圾填埋發(fā)電廠)為例,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目有澳大利亞可寧衛(wèi)南京能源有限公司承建,2002年竣工投產(chǎn),目前有3臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī)組,2005年全年發(fā)電2056萬(wàn)度,電費(fèi)收入就達(dá)1080萬(wàn)元,估計(jì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入、維護(hù)和人員工資占1/3,設(shè)備折舊占1/3,其余可視為贏利,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益相當(dāng)可觀.垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）同時(shí)還是聯(lián)合國(guó)和國(guó)家重點(diǎn)扶持的環(huán)保項(xiàng)目,它不需要地方政府財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼,這從一定程度上來(lái)講也緩解了地方政府的財(cái)政壓力.垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）做為環(huán)保產(chǎn)業(yè)很有市場(chǎng)前景.中國(guó)國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)總局于2006年3月向社會(huì)公布了處理城市垃圾的《國(guó)家行動(dòng)方案》.這個(gè)方案規(guī)定,今后中國(guó)的城市垃圾將進(jìn)行填埋處理,并將垃圾填埋產(chǎn)生的氣體收集起來(lái)發(fā)電.
Taking the Nanjing Shuige Landfill Gas (Biogas) Power Plant (China's first landfill power plant) as an example, this project was constructed by Australia's Keningwei Nanjing Energy Co., Ltd. It was completed and put into operation in 2002. Currently, there are three generator sets, generating 20.56 million kilowatt hours of electricity in 2005. The electricity revenue is 10.8 million yuan, and it is estimated that infrastructure investment, maintenance, and personnel wages account for one-third, equipment depreciation accounts for one-third, and the rest can be considered profitable, with considerable economic benefits Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) is also a key environmental protection project supported by the United Nations and the country. It does not require financial subsidies from local governments, which to some extent alleviates the financial pressure on local governments Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) has great market prospects as an environmental protection industry The State Environmental Protection Administration of China released the National Action Plan for handling urban waste to the public in March 2006 This plan stipulates that in the future, urban waste in China will be landfilled and the gas generated from landfilling will be collected to generate electricity
中國(guó)處理城市垃圾《國(guó)家行動(dòng)方案》的實(shí)施,對(duì)促進(jìn)中國(guó)處理城市垃圾科學(xué)化、資源化方面有很大的實(shí)用價(jià)值,將為中國(guó)履行國(guó)際公約、減少溫室氣體效應(yīng)、改善地方環(huán)境和全球環(huán)境發(fā)揮積極的作用.據(jù)報(bào)道:中國(guó)出臺(tái)的處理城市垃圾的《國(guó)家行動(dòng)方案》主要分在三個(gè)階段實(shí)施.第一是試點(diǎn)階段,即在中國(guó)東部的南京、馬鞍山和北部的鞍山這三個(gè)城市進(jìn)行試點(diǎn),用填埋垃圾收集來(lái)的氣體發(fā)電,或是做為燃?xì)馐褂?這項(xiàng)工作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,并取得了一定的經(jīng)驗(yàn).第二是逐步推廣階段,即在未來(lái)的5年內(nèi),中國(guó)將建30家垃圾氣體回收的填埋場(chǎng).
The implementation of China's National Action Plan for urban waste management has great practical value in promoting the scientific and resourceful treatment of urban waste in China. It will play a positive role in fulfilling international conventions, reducing greenhouse gas effects, improving local and global environments According to reports, China's National Action Plan for handling urban waste is mainly implemented in three stages The first stage is the pilot phase, which will be conducted in three cities in eastern China: Nanjing, Ma'anshan, and northern China's Anshan. The gas collected from landfill waste will be used for power generation or as gas This work has been completed and some experience has been gained The second stage is the gradual promotion phase, which means that in the next 5 years, China will build 30 landfill sites for waste gas recycling
第三是大規(guī)模實(shí)施階段,中國(guó)政府計(jì)劃到2015年建立300家這樣的垃圾處理場(chǎng),年處理垃圾1億噸.有中國(guó)政府的支持,垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）必將一步一步走進(jìn)中國(guó)的每一個(gè)大中小城市,從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)垃圾的無(wú)害化管理.這點(diǎn)是焚燒發(fā)電不能真正達(dá)到的.垃圾填埋氣體得到利用來(lái)發(fā)電減少煤炭或燃油的使用從而減輕了火力發(fā)電對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,具有良好的社會(huì)利益.為了防止填埋場(chǎng)氣體直接散發(fā)或排放在大氣中在填埋場(chǎng)完成填埋任務(wù)后采用高黏度的土壤覆蓋在填埋場(chǎng)的表層使氣體不輕易滲透出來(lái)并沿相應(yīng)收集管將氣體引出。在高黏土的表層再鋪上高低不一的營(yíng)養(yǎng)土可以種上花草、樹木、或建成具有一定經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的體育場(chǎng)所如高爾夫練習(xí)場(chǎng)。這樣不僅可以給周圍老百姓帶來(lái)娛樂(lè)休閑場(chǎng)所而且可以帶旺四周的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)使城市利用價(jià)值最低的垃圾場(chǎng)變成高價(jià)值的地域。
The third stage is the large-scale implementation phase. The Chinese government plans to establish 300 such garbage treatment plants by 2015, with an annual processing capacity of 100 million tons of garbage With the support of the Chinese government, landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) will gradually enter every large, medium, and small city in China, thus truly achieving harmless management of waste This is something that incineration power generation cannot truly achieve The utilization of landfill gas to generate electricity reduces the use of coal or fuel, thereby reducing the environmental pollution caused by thermal power generation and has good social benefits In order to prevent the direct emission or discharge of landfill gas into the atmosphere, high viscosity soil is used to cover the surface of the landfill after completing the landfill task, so that the gas is not easily penetrated and is led out along the corresponding collection pipe. Laying nutrient soil of varying heights on the surface of high clay can be used to plant flowers, trees, or build sports venues with certain economic value, such as golf driving ranges. This can not only provide entertainment and leisure venues for the surrounding people, but also boost the real estate industry in the area, turning the lowest value garbage dump in the city into a high-value area.
綜上所述垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電（沼氣發(fā)電）的投資費(fèi)用和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用都只占垃圾焚燒發(fā)電的1/10而收益卻高出幾倍。
In summary, the investment and operating costs of landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) only account for 1/10 of waste incineration power generation, while the returns are several times higher.
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